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		<title>Akitsu Iseki &#8211; Sawtooth stag beetle uncovered in almost perfect condition</title>
		<link>http://japanesearchaeology.com/2011/05/24/akitsu-iseki-sawtooth-stag-beetle-uncovered-in-almost-perfect-condition/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 24 May 2011 23:15:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joseph Ryan</dc:creator>
		
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		<description><![CDATA[A sawtooth stag beetle (Prosopocoilus inclinatus; nokogiri kuwagata [鋸鍬形]) belonging to the Final Jomon period (縄文時代晩期; c2800-2500YBP) was uncovered in almost perfect condition, a hitherto unheard of find, at Akitsu Iseki (秋津遺跡) in Gose city (御所市), Nara prefecture. The male stag beetle measures 6.3cm long and was found encased in mud. Typically, insects do not [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=japanesearchaeology.com&amp;blog=987012&amp;post=993&amp;subd=nagaeyari&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A sawtooth stag beetle (<em>Prosopocoilus inclinatus</em>; <em>nokogiri kuwagata</em> [鋸鍬形]) belonging to the Final Jomon period (縄文時代晩期; c2800-2500YBP) was uncovered in almost perfect condition, a hitherto unheard of find, at <a href="http://japanesearchaeology.com/2010/12/18/akitsu-iseki-4th-century-ritual-space-or-residence/">Akitsu Iseki</a> (秋津遺跡) in Gose city (御所市), Nara prefecture.</p>
<p><a href="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/20110524-118893-1-l.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-995" title="20110524-118893-1-L" src="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/20110524-118893-1-l.jpg?w=217&#038;h=300" alt="" width="217" height="300" /></a></p>
<p>The male stag beetle measures 6.3cm long and was found encased in mud. Typically, insects do not survive in recognizable condition, but it is believed that the mud kept it from being exposed to air.</p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;">縄文のノコギリクワガタ、ほぼ完全な形で出土<br />
ほぼ完全な形で出土したノコギリクワガタ（２４日、奈良県立橿原考古学研究所で）＝金沢修撮影<br />
奈良県御所市の秋津遺跡で、縄文時代晩期（約２８００～２５００年前）のノコギリクワガタが、初めてほぼ完全な形で出土した。<br />
体長６・３センチの大きめの雄で、昆虫は死後、関節が外れてバラバラになってしまうことが多いが、泥に密閉されて外気に触れなかったため残ったらしい。この時代の生き物が生きていた時の姿のまま見つかるのは極めて珍しいという。<br />
橿原市昆虫館（奈良県）の中谷康弘館長補佐は「今にも動き出しそうな姿に驚いた。豊かな生態系があった縄文時代の里山が復元できる」と話している。<br />
（2011年5月24日19時02分  読売新聞）</p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;">AR2011/05/24</p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;">http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/science/news/20110524-OYT1T01012.htm</p>
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		<title>Hakodate &#8211; 14th century Trần Dynasty Vietnamese coin uncovered</title>
		<link>http://japanesearchaeology.com/2011/05/24/hakodate-14th-century-tr%e1%ba%a7n-dynasty-vietnamese-coin-uncovered/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 24 May 2011 22:33:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joseph Ryan</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[ōūŌŪ]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[A single coin minted by the Trần Dynasty (陳朝), which controlled Vietnam from 1225 to 1400, was uncovered in Hakodate, Hokkaido. In 1951, a lacquered basket containing a stash of coins (known as the Wakimoto Kosen [涌元古銭]) was discovered under a stone at a traditional house in Hakodate. The basket is believed to have been [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=japanesearchaeology.com&amp;blog=987012&amp;post=987&amp;subd=nagaeyari&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A single coin minted by the Trần Dynasty (陳朝), which controlled Vietnam from 1225 to 1400, was uncovered in Hakodate, Hokkaido.</p>
<p>In 1951, a lacquered basket containing a stash of coins (known as the <em>Wakimoto Kosen</em> [涌元古銭]) was discovered under a stone at a traditional house in Hakodate. The basket is believed to have been buried at the villa of a samurai who moved to Hokkaido during the Muromachi period from the main island of Honshū.</p>
<p>In 2008, a local archaeology club analyzed the collection of 997 coins, carefully recording the details of each and assessing their composition under an electron microscope.   While most of the coins are apparently of Chinese provenance, one has turned out to have come from 14th-century Vietnam.</p>
<p><a href="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/20110525hog00m040001000p_size5.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-989" title="20110525hog00m040001000p_size5" src="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/20110525hog00m040001000p_size5.jpg?w=184&#038;h=250" alt="" width="184" height="250" /></a></p>
<p>At the time, the group was unable to decipher the second character, <em>tai</em> (泰).  After consulting with a historian of Japanese currency and an expert in Chinese archaeology, however, it became clear that the coin was a <em>Kaitaigenpō</em> (開泰元宝), <em>Kaitai</em> (開泰), being a Vietnamese regnal period that lasted from 1324-29. This is the first time this type of coin has been unearthed in Japan.</p>
<p>The coin measures 22.7mm in diameter and weights approximately 4g; it is composed of around 65% copper.</p>
<p>Rather than a direct sea route between 14th-century Hokkaido and Southeast Asia, it is more likely that the Vietnamese coin entered Japan through trade with China, mingled in which Chinese coins, and found its way up the Japan Sea-side of the archipelago. The Hokuriku region of Japan has long been a conduit for trade, evidenced from the Jomon period.</p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;">古銭：函館高専の考古学サークル、国内初の14世紀ベトナム貨幣を確認<br />
日本初出土が確認された開泰元宝<br />
函館高専（北海道函館市）の学生サークル「埋蔵文化財研究会」が、６０年前に知内町で発見された「涌元（わきもと）古銭」の中に、１４世紀のベトナム陳朝が鋳造した貨幣「開泰元宝（かいたいげんぽう）」が１枚あることを突き止めた。日本でこの古銭が出土したのは初めてで、メンバーは「当時、北海道と東南アジアを結ぶ海の道があったのでは」と思いをはせる。<br />
知内町郷土資料館によると、涌元古銭は１９５１年、民家の石の下から漆を塗ったかごに入って見つかった。室町時代、本州から移り住んだ武士の館で埋められたとみられ、大半は交易で使ったと思われる中国製の貨幣だという。<br />
研究会は０８年、同資料館が保管する９９７枚を預かり、和紙に表面を写し取ったり、電子顕微鏡で成分分析したりして種類を調べてきた。このうち１枚は４文字のうち「泰」の１文字が当初判読できず、桜木晋一・下関市立大教授（日本貨幣史）と三宅俊彦・専修大講師（中国考古学）に鑑定を依頼。その結果、ベトナム陳朝の開泰年間（１３２４～２９年）の貨幣であることが確認された。<br />
古銭は直径２２・７ミリ、重さは約４グラム。成分は銅が約６５％を占める。三宅講師は「中国との貿易で日本に入ってきた中国銭の中に開泰元宝が含まれ、それが日本海ルートの交易で道内に送られたのでは」と推測する。研究会メンバーの渡辺恵太さん（２０）は「今まで地道にやってきたきたことが報われた。今後は流通経路なども調べたい」と話している。【近藤卓資】<br />
毎日新聞　2011年5月25日　2時06分<br />
AR2011/05/25</p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;">http://mainichi.jp/hokkaido/shakai/news/20110525hog00m040004000c.html</p>
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		<title>Shiraho-Saonetabaru Douketsu &#8211; Late Pleistocene human remains discovered in Ryukyu Islands</title>
		<link>http://japanesearchaeology.com/2011/05/22/shiraho-saonetabaru-douketsu-late-pleistocene-human-remains-discovered-in-ryukyu-islands/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 22 May 2011 20:48:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joseph Ryan</dc:creator>
		
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		<description><![CDATA[The investigation of the human remains dated to the Late Pleistocene (16-20 ka BP) found at the Shiraho-Saonetabaru Cave (白保竿根田原洞窟) on Ishigaki Island (石垣島) in 2007 represents the first time prehistoric human remains, themselves, have been subjected to direct radiometric dating in the Ryukyu Islands, and provides the first absolute evidence of Late Pleistocene (後期更新世) [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=japanesearchaeology.com&amp;blog=987012&amp;post=915&amp;subd=nagaeyari&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The investigation of the human remains dated to the Late Pleistocene (16-20 ka BP) found at the Shiraho-Saonetabaru Cave (白保竿根田原洞窟) on Ishigaki Island (石垣島) in 2007 represents the first time prehistoric human remains, themselves, have been subjected to direct radiometric dating in the Ryukyu Islands, and provides the first absolute evidence of Late Pleistocene (後期更新世) inhabitation of the Ryukyu Islands (the prefectural board of education announced the Pleistocene designation on February 4, 2010). All previous investigations relied on the dating of ancillary finds, such as charcoal at <a href="http://ao.jpn.org/kuroshio/yamashitacho/200306.htm">Yamashita-chō Cave I</a> (山下町第１洞穴遺跡; Okinawa Island), <a href="http://ao.jpn.org/kuroshio/minatogawa2009.htm">Minatogawa Fissure Site</a> (港川フィッシャー遺跡; Okinawa Island), and <a href="http://ao.jpn.org/kuroshio/pinzaabu.htm">Pinza-Abu Cave</a> (ピンザアブ洞穴; Miyako Island), and crab remains at Shimojibaru Cave (下地原洞穴; Kume Island) [Figure 1].</p>
<p>The accuracy of judging the antiquity of human remains based on nearby material finds alone has been called into question: A case in point being the Hijiridaki Cave remains, which were assigned to approximately 14,000 YBP based on nearby implements; radiocarbon dating of additional human remains at a later date revealed their provenance to be well into the historic period, thus casting doubt on the original dating. The Mikkabi Man has also been re-dated from the Pleistocene to the Initial Jomon (7500-9500 YBP). According to the report, the only designation of human remains once assigned to the Pleistocene that have been subjected to direct radiometric dating and retained their Pleistocene designation has been that from the Hamakita Negata site (Shizuoka prefecture; the three bones analyzed were dated to 14050 ± 50, 14200 ± 50 and 13860 ± 50 BP).</p>
<p><strong>Pleistocene remains reconsidered:</strong></p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="97"><strong>Proposed Pleistocene Man</strong></td>
<td valign="top" width="97"><strong>Location</strong></td>
<td valign="top" width="97"><strong>Date/Discoverer</strong></td>
<td valign="top" width="97"><strong>Pieces Recovered</strong></td>
<td valign="top" width="97"><strong>Stage</strong></td>
<td valign="top" width="97"><strong>Current Interpretation</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="97">Akashi Man (明石人)</td>
<td valign="top" width="97">Akashi city, Hyōgo</td>
<td valign="top" width="97">1931/Naora Nobuo</td>
<td valign="top" width="97">Left hipbone</td>
<td valign="top" width="97"><em>Homo erectus</em> (原人)</td>
<td valign="top" width="97">Resembles modern man</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="97">Kuzū Man (葛生人)</td>
<td valign="top" width="97">Kuzū, Tochigi</td>
<td valign="top" width="97">1950-51/Naora Nobuo</td>
<td valign="top" width="97">Partial limb, etc.</td>
<td valign="top" width="97"><em>Homo sapiens sapiens</em> (新人)</td>
<td valign="top" width="97">Jōmon or later</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="97">Ushikawa Man (牛川人)</td>
<td valign="top" width="97">Toyohashi, Aichi</td>
<td valign="top" width="97">1957/Suzuki Hisashi</td>
<td valign="top" width="97">Humerus/Femur</td>
<td valign="top" width="97"><em>Homo sapiens neanderthalensis</em> (旧人)</td>
<td valign="top" width="97">Humerus is not human</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="97">Mikkabi Man (三ヶ日人)</td>
<td valign="top" width="97">Mikkabi, Shizuoka</td>
<td valign="top" width="97">1959-61/Suzuki Hisashi, etc.</td>
<td valign="top" width="97">Skull, partial limb</td>
<td valign="top" width="97"><em>Homo sapiens sapiens</em> (新人)</td>
<td valign="top" width="97">Initial Jōmon (縄文時代早期)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="97">Hijiridaki Man (聖嶽人)</td>
<td valign="top" width="97">Honjō, Ooita</td>
<td valign="top" width="97">1962</td>
<td valign="top" width="97">Partial skull</td>
<td valign="top" width="97"><em>Homo sapiens sapiens</em> (新人)</td>
<td valign="top" width="97">Medieval or later</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>(Chart translated from 新詳日本史図説 [浜島書店; 2003] page 10)</p>
<p>Returning to the Shiraho-Saonetabaru Cave find, radiocarbon dating on such finds of great antiquity are accomplished by extracting collagen from the bones &#8212; often difficult as collagen fares poorly in environments such as Okinawa.</p>
<p>9 human remains were found and researchers believe the site yields the bones of at least 6 persons. The right parietal bone (頭頂骨) has been dated to 20416±113 BP, making it the oldest human fossil to be unearthed in the Japanese archipelago to be temporally established through direct radiocarbon dating of the specimen, itself. Two other samples (of the 3 dated to the Late Pleistocene) were dated to 18752±100 BP and 15751±421 BP. Keep in mind that the Yamashita-cho Cave I finds were dated to 32100 ± 1000 BP and the Minatogawa Site finds to 18250 ± 650 BP, but, unlike the Shiraho-Saonetabaru Cave investigation, these datings were both determined by analyzing not the fossils, themselves, but charcoal unearthed nearby.</p>
<p>While some suggest that the ancestors of the Peking Man (ペキン原人) settled in the Japanese archipelago, all of the oldest human fossils unearthed in the archipelago (for example, the Yamashita-chō Dōketsu Man [山下町洞穴人], Minatogawa Man [港川フィッシャー（岩裂）人], and the Hamakita Man [浜北(原)人 or 浜北フィッシャー人] have been<em> Homo sapiens</em>, giving researchers little to understand the development of Japan&#8217;s inhabitants. In addition, the only full skeleton of a mature human remains the Minatogawa Man (<a href="http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jinrui/pdf/youbou.pdf">source</a>).</p>
<p>While the acidic soil of the main Japanese islands often erases human skeletons from the record (save for teeth and larger bones), the islands that comprise the Nansei Islands (<em>Nansei shotō</em> 南西諸島), the string of islands rich in coral reefs that stretch between Taiwan and Kyushu, have yielded multiple human remains dated to the Pleistocene epoch &#8212; several of these have nevertheless been re-dated to later periods. While the islands have been generous in yielding several skeletons due to the relatively un-acidic soil and abundance of calcareous/limestone environments, they have not yielded even one paleolithic implement. Many placed their hopes, therefore, on this investigation, which ended last year (2010), to unearth the first paleolith in Okinawa.</p>
<p>Puzzled by the lacuna of stone implements, researchers question the identity of the Pleistocene inhabitants of the Nansei Islands: Did they go without stone implements? Did they prefer organic materials such as wood and bone, which would break down and eventually disappear? Were the caves, in which many of the Pleistocene finds occur, a locale divorced from daily life &#8212; perhaps a dedicated burial ground? Researchers are still hunting for the answers to these questions. Taking a lesson from the Shimotabaru (下田原) period (c.2,000-4,000 YBP), which sees pottery mysteriously disappear from the archaeological record after a prolonged period of attested pottery use, archaeologists are aware that they must approach these questions from multiplex angles.</p>
<p>It was announced in early 2011 that a skeleton dating back to at least this same Shimotabaru Cultural Period [下田原文化期]) has also been found at the cave. In addition to the discovery of numerous plants and animals, a partial human skull and facial bone were found dating to at least 9,000 YBP. While it is well-known that there is a cultural divide (the <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02342.x/abstract">Kerama [慶良間] Gap</a>) between the Kyushu-based Amami (奄美) and Okinawa (沖縄) zone in the north and the Miyako (宮古) and Yaeyama (八重山) zone in the south, archaeologists are looking to the Shiraho-Saonetabaru Cave site, a rare collection of finds spanning multiple prehistoric and historic temporal divisions, to further their understanding of possible morphological differences between the inhabitants of these two zones.</p>
<iframe width="425" height="350" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" src="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&amp;hl=ja&amp;t=h&amp;msa=0&amp;msid=205990993139235137438.000499dbe288cf93b3388&amp;ll=27.955591,125.595703&amp;spn=13.563222,18.676758&amp;z=5&amp;output=embed"></iframe><br /><small><a href="http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&amp;hl=ja&amp;t=h&amp;msa=0&amp;msid=205990993139235137438.000499dbe288cf93b3388&amp;ll=27.955591,125.595703&amp;spn=13.563222,18.676758&amp;z=5&amp;source=embed" style="text-align:left">View Larger Map</a></small>
<p>In the map above, Kyushu is located at the top and Taiwan is located at bottom left. Click on the blue line or purple bubble for more details. Feel free to zoom in or use your mouse to navigate.</p>
<p>Besides the articles reprinted below, much information was drawn from the official report: <a href="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/pleistocene-human-remains-from-shiraho-saonetabaru-cave-on-ishigaki-island-okinawa-japan-and-their-radiocarbon-dating.pdf">here</a>.</p>
<blockquote><p>２０００～４０００年前の人骨も出土　白保洞穴発掘委「まれな複合遺跡」<br />
約２万年前の人骨が見つかった新石垣空港建設予定地内にある「白保竿（さお）根田原（ねたばる）洞穴」の発掘調査で、これまで発見されていなかった下田原文化期（約２０００～４０００年前）か、それ以前のものとみられる人骨が新たに出土していたことが分かった。考古学や人類学などの専門家でつくる第３回総合発掘調査委員会が２０日、西原町の県立埋蔵文化財センターであり、委員の土肥直美・琉大医学部非常勤講師（形質人類学）が「画期的な発見」と評価。委員会で意義を確認した。<br />
委員会副委員長の安里嗣淳・元同センター所長（考古学）によると、九州をルーツとする奄美・沖縄と、宮古・八重山の地域が文化的に異なることは明らかになっているが、人骨の発見で人体の違いまで解明できる可能性が出てきたという。<br />
また同発掘調査では、９０００年前か、それ以前のものとみられる人の頭や顔の骨も一部見つかり、全体の骨格をコンピューターで再現したり、年代を特定したりできる可能性が浮上。断片的な報告しかなかった八重山地域の古生物についても、動物の化石が多数、見つかったという。<br />
委員会は発掘調査の中間報告として、「各時期の包含層を確認でき、沖縄では極めてまれな多時期にわたる複合遺跡」と指摘。「八重山の先史文化を考察する上で、大変重要なものであることが明らかになった」との見解をまとめた。<br />
研究成果の最終報告は、各委員が発掘物の分析を進め、来年３月までにまとめる。</p>
<p>AR2011/02/08</p>
<p>http://www.okinawatimes.co.jp/article/2011-01-21_13821/</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>人骨は国内最古の２万年前　石垣市白保<br />
県教育庁は４日、石垣市白保の新石垣空港建設地内にある白保竿根田原（さお・ね・た・ばる）洞穴の周辺遺物散布地で発見された人骨９点のうち、最も古いものが約２万年前のものだったと発表した。分析で年代が確認された人骨としては日本最古。人骨は２００７年１２月に沖縄鍾乳洞協会の山内平三郎氏が発見していた。</p>
<p>ほか２点の人骨も約１万８千年と１万５千年前のものだったことも分かった。県教育庁によると、これまで人骨で日本最古のものとされているのは静岡県浜北で見つかった約１万４千年前のもの。</p>
<p>人骨は県立埋蔵文化財センターが東京大学や琉球大学などの研究機関と共同で調査していた。この発見で、石垣島での後期更新世（旧石器時代）のヒトの存在が明らかになった。</p>
<p>AR2011/02/08</p>
<p>http://www.okinawatimes.co.jp/article/2010-02-04_2650</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>石器使わなかった旧石器人？　石垣島・白保竿根田原洞穴<br />
2011年2月6日10時15分<br />
２万年前の旧石器時代人骨が見つかった沖縄・石垣島の白保竿根田原（しらほさおねたばる）洞穴の本格調査が昨年、終了した。出土品の詳しい分析が続いているが、沖縄で初の出土になるかと注目されていた旧石器は、今のところ確認できていない。一方、新たな人骨資料は増加が予想され、石器を使わない人類だった可能性も視野に入れざるをえなくなりつつある。<br />
同洞穴は新石垣空港の建設現場に位置する。昨年２月、出土していた人骨が旧石器時代のものであることが明らかになった。骨自体から測定した資料としては国内最古だ。<br />
日本人の起源はいつまでさかのぼるのか。日本列島では、旧石器時代の石器は見つかっているが、それを使っていた人間の骨の出土はきわめて少ない。酸性土壌のため、ほとんどが溶けてしまうからだ。これまで旧石器時代とされてきたいくつかの人骨も、近年の再検討で、ほとんどが新しい時代に修正された。<br />
一方、珊瑚礁（さんごしょう）の多い南西諸島は酸性度が強くないため骨が残りやすく、この時代の複数の人骨が命脈を保った。ところが、本土とは逆に旧石器の方が見つからないのだ。<br />
世界的に見ても石器は人類進化の過程と切り離せない。骨があれば石器がないはずはない。発見されてないだけで、どこかにあるのか。<br />
そんな期待を込めた白保竿根田原の本格調査の結果、旧石器時代人骨とみられる新資料に加え、本土の中世にあたる時代や、縄文時代に相当する時期の遺構も確認され、断続的に人類が住んでいたことがわかった。が、肝心の旧石器はやはりなかった。<br />
とすると、彼らは石器を持たない旧石器時代人だったのか。それとも洞穴が生活と切り離された墓だからなのだろうか。南西諸島のなかでも同洞穴がある先島諸島は、土器を持つ下田原期のあと、なぜか長い間土器が消えるという特異な現象が起こる土地柄だけに、旧石器を持たない人類文化の存在も荒唐無稽（こうとうむけい）と片づけるわけにいかない。それとも石器の代わりの木材や骨など有機質の道具が、溶けてしまっただけなのだろうか。<br />
ただ、地元の考古学界では、結論を出すのは早いといった慎重論が根強いようだ。安里嗣淳・元沖縄県立埋蔵文化財センター所長は「旧石器の層の解明には至っておらず、考古学的な成果はゼロに等しい」と厳しい。<br />
骨はあるが道具はない。それを、どう解釈するか。今回の調査は、研究者に悩ましい難問を突きつけることになった。（編集委員・中村俊介）</p>
<p>AR2011/02/08</p>
<p>http://www.asahi.com/culture/news_culture/TKY201102040350.html</p></blockquote>
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		<title>Ikeshima Fukumanji Iseki &#8211; Oldest domestic Oriental Stork footprint uncovered</title>
		<link>http://japanesearchaeology.com/2011/05/19/ikeshima-fukumanji-iseki-oldest-domestic-oriental-stork-footprint-uncovered/</link>
		<comments>http://japanesearchaeology.com/2011/05/19/ikeshima-fukumanji-iseki-oldest-domestic-oriental-stork-footprint-uncovered/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 19 May 2011 19:17:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joseph Ryan</dc:creator>
		
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		<description><![CDATA[It was announced on May 18 that Japan&#8217;s oldest footprint of an Oriental Stork (kōnotori; Ciconia boyciana) has been uncovered at Ikeshima Fukumaji Iseki (池島・福万寺遺跡), an Osaka site active from the end of the Jomon period (縄文時代晩期) to the Edo period. (source) Eclipsing the previous contender, which is located at Motosōja Kitagawa Iseki (元総社北川遺跡) and [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=japanesearchaeology.com&amp;blog=987012&amp;post=971&amp;subd=nagaeyari&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>It was announced on May 18 that Japan&#8217;s oldest footprint of an Oriental Stork (<em>kōnotori</em>; Ciconia boyciana) has been uncovered at Ikeshima Fukumaji Iseki (池島・福万寺遺跡), an Osaka site active from the end of the Jomon period (縄文時代晩期) to the Edo period.</p>
<p><a href="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/foot.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-973" title="FOOT" src="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/foot.jpg?w=250&#038;h=243" alt="" width="250" height="243" /></a>(<a href="http://www.nara-np.co.jp/20110519092057.html">source</a>)</p>
<p>Eclipsing the previous contender, which is located at Motosōja Kitagawa Iseki (元総社北川遺跡) and dated to the 6th century, the recent find dates to the Early Yayoi (弥生時代前期), and was found in a c.400BC rice paddy. The roughly 1,000 footprints in the 400 square meter paddy field wander alongside human footprints. The footprints were originally uncovered in 1996, but were only recently identified as belonging to the Oriental Stork.</p>
<p>Most well-known as a collection of deer antlers, Fukushima Prefecture&#8217;s Usuiso Kaizuka (薄磯貝塚; Jomon period) has also revealed bones belonging to the Oriental Stork. It is believed that the Jomon People used them as a source of food.</p>
<p>Many researchers posit that the Oriental Stork was revered, however, during the Yayoi period &#8212; no doubt in connection to agricultural ceremony. The long-necked birds that appear on many <em>dōtaku</em> (銅鐸) bronze bells may in fact be the Oriental Stork (<em>kōnotori</em>), an identification that challenges the long-held believe that they are herons (サギ).</p>
<p><a href="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/doutaku05.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-972" title="doutaku05" src="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/doutaku05.jpg?w=294&#038;h=300" alt="" width="294" height="300" /></a>See the upper-right panel (<a href="http://www2.ttcn.ne.jp/kobuta/bunnka3/doutaku05.jpg">source</a>)</p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;">最古のコウノトリ足跡 &#8211; 大阪の池島・福万寺遺跡<br />
2011年5月19日　奈良新聞<br />
大阪府東大阪市と八尾市にまたがる「池島・福万寺遺跡」で、弥生時代前期(約2400年前)の水田跡に残った鳥の足跡が、国の特別天然記念物コウノトリと分かり、奈良文化財研究所が18日、発表した。コウノトリの足跡としては国内最古。弥生人とコウノトリの共存関係が明らかになり、銅鐸(どうたく)に描かれた鳥もコウノトリだった可能性が出てきた。<br />
足跡は約400平方メートルの水田跡に約千個残され、人の足跡も混じっていた。河川の氾濫で泥をかぶった水田に足跡が付き、直後に流れ込んだ砂でパックされたらしい。大阪府文化財センターが平成8年に発掘したが、鳥種まで絞り込めなかった。<br />
昨年、奈文研の松井章・埋蔵文化財センター長が「兵庫県立コウノトリの郷公園」の増井光子・前園長(故人)らと足跡の石こう型を検討、指の太さなどからコウノトリと結論づけた。<br />
これまで、群馬県の元総社北川遺跡で見つかった6世紀の足跡が国内最古だった。福島県の薄磯貝塚などでは縄文人が食べたとみられるコウノトリの骨が見つかっている。<br />
弥生人との共存が明らかになったことで、銅鐸に描かれた鳥がコウノトリだった可能性も浮上。サギ説と候補を争うことになりそうだ。<br />
松井センター長は「コウノトリが弥生人と空間を共有していたのは間違いない。白一色のサギより美しく、弥生人は神聖な鳥として銅鐸に描いたのではないか」と話している。<br />
「池島・福万寺遺跡」は恩智川治水緑地の建設に伴って昭和55年度に調査が始まり、縄文―江戸時代の遺構が見つかっている。</p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;">http://www.nara-np.co.jp/20110519092057.html</p>
<p style="padding-left:30px;">AR 2011/05/20</p>
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			<media:title type="html">FOOT</media:title>
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		<title>Makimuku Iseki &#8211; Remains of large building discovered</title>
		<link>http://japanesearchaeology.com/2011/05/01/makimuku-iseki-remains-of-large-building-discovered/</link>
		<comments>http://japanesearchaeology.com/2011/05/01/makimuku-iseki-remains-of-large-building-discovered/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 01 May 2011 04:05:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joseph Ryan</dc:creator>
		
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		<description><![CDATA[There is much consensus regarding Makimuku Iseki (纏向遺跡: Written either 纒 or 纏), located in Sakurai city, Nara prefecture and within close proximity to Hashihaka Kofun (箸墓古墳), as the seat of the early Yamato rulers; whether Makimuku Iseki was also the location of Yamatai (邪馬台国), however, is where opinions begin to differ. For those archaeologists [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=japanesearchaeology.com&amp;blog=987012&amp;post=958&amp;subd=nagaeyari&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>There is much consensus regarding Makimuku Iseki (纏向遺跡: Written either 纒 or 纏), located in Sakurai city, Nara prefecture and within close proximity to Hashihaka Kofun (箸墓古墳), as the seat of the early Yamato rulers; whether Makimuku Iseki was also the location of Yamatai (邪馬台国), however, is where opinions begin to differ. For those archaeologists that do not see early Japanese history as a Kansai monolith and do not subscribe to the theory of an unbroken line between the Queen&#8217;s federation and the court of Suinin and Keikō (at least on paper, issues of identity aside), this most recent find no doubt rewards careful consideration.</p>
<p>It was announced in November 2009, that a web of post holes clearly mapping out the remains of a large building were found at the site (<a href="http://mainichi.jp/select/wadai/graph/makimuku/">pictures</a>), and dated to the early 3rd century &#8212; undoubtedly contemporaneous with the Himiko of Yamatai. The post holes stretched 19.2 meters north to south and 6.2 meters east to west, making it the largest building of the period found to date, with an estimated floor area of 238 square meters, 1.5 times larger than the largest building (2nd/3rd century) found at the Saga prefecture (Kyushu) site of Yoshinogari (吉野ケ里遺跡). The site&#8217;s layout of buildings also presents the oldest example of north-to-south symmetry, redolent of the palace architecture of the Asuka period (7th century).</p>
<p>It was announced in April that evidence of an additional building had been found at a location 5 meters to the east of the supposed site of Himiko&#8217;s palace. 3 rectangular post holes, believed to have supported thick pillars, measuring 1.2 meters across and 60 centimeters deep, each, stretch for 9 meters; 2 square post holes, believed to have supported relatively smaller pillars (these <em>tsukabashira</em> [束柱] are believed to have supported the flooring) are located one each between the larger holes.  Archaeologists suspect that this newly discovered building may in fact be of the same size and construction of the building positioned as Himiko&#8217;s palace.</p>
<p>While the latter dates to the early 3rd century, the former dates to the late 3rd century/4th century, according to pottery found on site, aligning it with the Emperors Suinin and Keikō, who are recorded in the Nihon Shoki (日本書紀) as maintaining palaces in the area (let us leave textual criticism for another day).</p>
<p>The question of contenders for the location of Yamatai aside (as the freight of bias can indeed cheapen a site&#8217;s intrinsic value), Makimuku Iseki remains nevertheless a manifestation of a nascent Yamato polity&#8217;s locus of power. The sprawling site, of which only a small section has been excavated, offers not only the remains of large ritual buildings on a national scale, and the various and sundry associated ritual artifacts, but evidence of on-site ferrous operations through recovered slag (<em>tessai</em> 鉄滓) and tuyère (<em>haguchi</em> 羽口) belonging to bellows (<em>fuigo</em> 鞴).</p>
<p>Additionally, of all the pottery that has been uncovered at Makimuku Iseki, an impressive 30% hails from regions outside of the Kansai, from Kyushu in the southwest to Hokuriku and Tōkai in the northeast. There are, additionally, examples of locally produced pottery modeled on distant styles. While it is true that there are other contemporaneous sites that serve as hubs of pottery trade, none come close to the exciting cosmopolitan status of Makimuki Iseki (see pages 207 and 208 in Professor Ishikawa Hideshi&#8217;s 『農耕社会の成立』 for a more detailed account of what I have glossed over in these two paragraphs).</p>
<p>Additionally, Makimuku Iseki is ensconced in the southeast corner of the Nara basin, off the western side of the holy Miwayama (三輪山). Within close proximity are many early <em>kofun</em>, not the least of them being Hokenoyama (ホケノ山[墳丘墓]), Hashihaka (箸墓古墳), and Makimuku Ishizuka Kofun (纒向石塚古墳), a Makimuku-style <em>zenpōkōen funkyūbo</em> (纒向型前方後円墳丘墓), perhaps best viewed as a 96-meter transitional fossil, if you will, on the cusp of the emergence of the standard <em>zenpōkōenfun</em> built during an eminently dynamic 3rd century.</p>
<blockquote><p>奈良・纒向遺跡：大型建物跡の一部とみられる柱穴発見<br />
奈良県桜井市の纒向（まきむく）遺跡で、大型建物跡の一部とみられる柱穴が見つかった。同遺跡で既に確認されている卑弥呼（ひみこ、２４８年ごろ没）と同時代の４棟の建物（３世紀前半）より後に建てられたもので、調査した同市教委は「大きな力を持った人物が引き続き住んでいたことを示す」としている。<br />
調査は、０９年１１月に発見された卑弥呼の宮殿の可能性がある大型建物跡の東約５メートルの場所で実施。縦６０センチ、横１・２メートルの大きな柱穴３個が４・５メートル間隔で南北に並んでいた。間には、建物の床を支える細い束柱（つかばしら）の穴が一つずつ計２個あった。柱穴の大きさや間隔、束柱を用いる工法から、卑弥呼の宮殿の可能性がある建物と同規模の可能性が高い。<br />
毎日新聞　2011年4月28日　東京夕刊</p>
<p>http://mainichi.jp/enta/art/news/20110428dde041040079000c.html</p>
<p>AR2011/05/01</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>纒向遺跡：また大型建物跡　卑弥呼の後も権力者居住？奈良<br />
纒向遺跡で見つかった建物跡の一部とみられる五つの柱穴（白線で囲んだ場所）＝奈良県桜井市教委提供<br />
奈良県桜井市の纒向（まきむく）遺跡で、大型建物跡の一部とみられる柱穴が見つかった。同遺跡で既に確認されている卑弥呼（ひみこ）（２４８年ごろ没）と同時代の４棟の建物（３世紀前半）より後に建てられたもので、調査した同市教委は「大きな力を持った人物が纒向に引き続き住んでいたことを示す」としている。<br />
調査は、０９年１１月に発見された卑弥呼の宮殿の可能性がある大型建物跡（南北１９．２メートル、東西１２．４メートル）の東約５メートルの場所で２～３月に実施。縦６０センチ、横１．２メートルの大きな柱穴３個が４．５メートル間隔で南北に並んでいた。間には、建物の床を支える細い束柱（つかばしら）の穴が一つずつ計２個あった。<br />
柱穴の大きさや間隔、束柱を用いる工法から、卑弥呼の宮殿の可能性がある建物と同規模の可能性が高い。また、出土した土器から、３世紀後半以降に建てられたとみられる。<br />
発掘現場は埋め戻されており、写真パネルと土器が同市立埋蔵文化財センターで１０月２日まで展示されている。【高島博之】<br />
毎日新聞　2011年4月28日　9時56分（最終更新　4月28日　10時54分）</p>
<p>http://mainichi.jp/photo/archive/news/2011/04/28/20110428k0000e040007000c.html</p>
<p>AR2011/05/01</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>邪馬台国の最有力候補？纒向遺跡<br />
纒向遺跡で見つかった大型建物跡（右端）と、３月までに確認された３棟の建物跡が一直線に並ぶ＝奈良県桜井市で２００９年１１月５日午後２時４分、本社ヘリから山本晋撮影<br />
邪馬台国の最有力候補地とされる纒向（まきむく）遺跡（奈良県桜井市）で、卑弥呼（ひみこ）（２４８年ごろ没）と同時代の３世紀前半の大型建物跡が見つかり、桜井市教委が１０日、発表した。柱穴が南北１９．２メートル、東西６．２メートルに整然と並び、同時代の建物では国内最大級。過去の発掘調査で確認された３棟の建物や柵列と共に、東西方向の同一直線上で南北対称となるよう計画的に配置されており、卑弥呼の「宮室」（宮殿）の可能性がある。邪馬台国大和説を前進させる成果と言えそうだ。<br />
７８年に柵と建物跡が確認された調査地点を、今年２月から区域を広げて再度調査。東西に計画的に並ぶ三つの建物群や柵を確認。大型建物跡は、その東側の区域で新たに見つかった。<br />
直径約３０センチの柱跡が南北に４．８メートル、東西に３．１メートルの間隔で並んでおり、南北方向の柱の間には床を支える細い束柱の穴があった。<br />
市教委は、後世に柱穴が削られた西側も含め、東西幅は倍の１２．４メートルだったと推定。復元図を作成した黒田龍二・神戸大准教授（建築史）は、地上約２メートルに床を設けた高床式・一層の入り母屋造りで、高さは約１０メートルとみている。<br />
推定床面積は約２３８平方メートルあったとみられ、弥生時代最大規模の環濠（かんごう）集落とされる吉野ケ里遺跡（佐賀県）で最も大きい「主祭殿」（２～３世紀）の約１．５倍になる。<br />
また、同一直線上で南北対称となる建物配置は、同時期までには例がない。飛鳥時代（７世紀）の宮殿と共通する特徴で、当時の王権中枢の一角であった可能性が高い。<br />
現地説明会は１４、１５日の午前１０時～午後３時。雨天中止。ＪＲ巻向駅の北１００メートル。駐車場はない。【高島博之】<br />
石野博信・兵庫県立考古博物館長（考古学）の話　邪馬台国が纒向遺跡にあったという有力な根拠。建物は同時代には例のない大きさだ。住まいとしては大規模すぎ、祭祀（さいし）の場で、魏志倭人伝にある卑弥呼の「宮室」に相当するのではないか。<br />
【ことば】纒向遺跡<br />
奈良県桜井市の三輪山西側に広がる３～４世紀の大規模集落遺跡。東西約２キロ、南北約１．５キロに、最古級の前方後円墳とされる纒向石塚古墳や、卑弥呼の墓との説がある箸墓（はしはか）古墳がある。各地の土器が持ち込まれ、邪馬台国の最有力候補地とされる。７１年から発掘調査が始まり、今回で１６６回目だが、小規模な発掘が多く、全体像は分かっていない。<br />
2009年11月10日</p>
<p>http://mainichi.jp/select/wadai/graph/makimuku/</p>
<p>AR2011/05/01</p></blockquote>
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		<title>Ikeda Kofun &#8211; Complete specimen of waterfowl haniwa discovered</title>
		<link>http://japanesearchaeology.com/2011/03/04/ikeda-kofun-complete-specimen-of-waterfowl-haniwa-discovered/</link>
		<comments>http://japanesearchaeology.com/2011/03/04/ikeda-kofun-complete-specimen-of-waterfowl-haniwa-discovered/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 04 Mar 2011 01:58:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joseph Ryan</dc:creator>
		
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://japanesearchaeology.com/?p=943</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Ikeda Kofun (池田古墳) is a 141-meter-long zenpōkōenfun (前方後円墳; keyhole-shaped tomb) dated to the first half of the fifth century and located in Wadayama-chō (和田山町), Asago city (朝来市), Hyōgo prefecture. It is the fourth largest kofun in the prefecture,  but ranks as approximately the 82nd largest in the archipelago. It was announced on March 2, 2010, [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=japanesearchaeology.com&amp;blog=987012&amp;post=943&amp;subd=nagaeyari&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Ikeda Kofun (池田古墳) is a 141-meter-long <em>zenpōkōenfun</em> (前方後円墳; keyhole-shaped tomb) dated to the first half of the fifth century and located in Wadayama-chō (和田山町), Asago city (朝来市), Hyōgo prefecture. It is the fourth largest <em>kofun </em>in the prefecture,  but ranks as approximately the 82nd largest in the archipelago.</p>
<p>It was announced on March 2, 2010, that eight waterfowl <em>haniwa </em>(水鳥形埴輪) were discovered during an investigation. Ikeda Kofun had previously produced an astounding 15 specimens of waterfowl <em>haniwa</em>, placing it on equal standing with Konda Gobyōyama Kofun (誉田御廟山古墳; believed to be the tomb of Emperor Ōjin [応神天王]; Habikino city [羽曳野市], Osaka prefecture), but this most recent find of an additional eight bird-shaped figurines makes it the greatest number found from one tomb in Japan (23 in total).</p>
<p><a href="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/bird.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-945" title="水鳥形埴輪" src="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/bird.jpg?w=266&#038;h=300" alt="" width="266" height="300" /></a>(picture <a href="http://www.kobe-np.co.jp/news/bunka/Images/03840711.jpg">source</a>)</p>
<p>The eight figurines found during the most recent investigation were located along the bottom of the moat on the eastern side of the <em>kofun</em>, as well as along the fringe of the mound. This area near the center of the <em>kofun</em>, where the square front meets the rounded back of the tomb (sometimes called the &#8220;waist&#8221; of the keyhole-shaped tomb), bears a raised projection (台状遺構) on either side called a <em>tsukuridashi </em>(造り出し), which many believe served as a sacred space to hold funerary rituals (and perhaps succession rites.</p>
<p>Amongst the shattered figurines was a relatively perfect specimen &#8211; the first of its kind (seen in the picture above). Including its pedestal, which is believed to have been buried in the ground to secure the ritual figurine, it measures 48 centimeters tall, 21 centimeters wide, and 44 centimeters long. The <em>haniwa </em>exhibits great detail down to the finely rendered feathers, nostrils at the end of the beak, and its folded wings. The color and type of clay differs from the remaining figurines, conjuring a similar specimen found at Nara prefecture&#8217;s Suyama Kofun (巣山古墳; Katsuragi city [葛城市]).  The <em>haniwa </em>is brownish in color and contains biotite (<em>kurounmo </em>黒雲母) in its clay, suggesting to researchers that it was not produced in Tajima, but perhaps rather in the Yamato or Kawachi area and transported for the burial.</p>
<p>Hanazono University Professor Takahashi Katsuhisa (高橋克壽) stresses the regional importance of Ikeda Kofun: <em>Haniwa </em>crafted in the shape of waterfowl, houses, and boats are first-class funerary items. The <em>haniwa </em>found at Ikeda Kofun were either transported directly from their place of manufacture in the Yamato area or were produced on-site by Yamato or Kawachi craftsmen.</p>
<p>The largest tomb of the Tajima region, Ikeda Kofun is believed to be the grave of a regional magnate controlling the Tajima-Tanba-Tango (但馬-丹波-丹後) area. As the use of waterfowl <em>haniwa </em>in ritual is also found in Yamato and Kawachi (the base of the Yamato court), some suggest that such a local ruler was sent from the growing &#8220;central&#8221; government and given jurisdiction over the eastern San&#8217;indō (山陰道). An additional interpretation is that of a local ruler tying himself into the growing Yamato court by adopting its customs.</p>
<p>Posited as the tomb of the ruler of the Tajima region, Ikeda Kofun is dated to the early to middle fifth century, placing it temporally after the local Wakasu Kofun (若水古墳; Asago city) and Jōnoyama Kofun (城ノ山古墳; Asago city), but one stage before Chasuriyama Kofun (茶すり山古墳; Asago city).</p>
<p>Towards the end of the square front of the keyhole tomb (the <em>zenpōbu</em>) is a projection on either side that stretches across the moat to the land on the other side (<em>wataridote </em>渡土堤). Ikeda Kofun marks the first relatively complete investigation of such structures (note: these are different from the <em>tsukuridashi </em>located towards the &#8220;waist&#8221; of the keyhole shape). Eight waterfowl <em>haniwa </em>were previously found along the eastern <em>wataridote</em>.</p>
<p>While the <em>kofun </em>bears a <em>tsukuridashi </em>projection on either side (see the PDFs below for figures), researchers do not believe they served equal functions. The western <em>tsukuridashi </em>is of a different shape than the eastern, and yielded far less <em>haniwa</em>, and no waterfowl specimens.</p>
<p>The western <em>tsukuridashi </em>is separated by a small stone waterway that is believed to have served a ritual function: Water was (is) often used in purification ceremonies. Interestingly, a wooden conduit (<em>mokuhi </em>木樋) was discovered during a previous excavation down the line from the stone waterway separating the <em>tsukuridashi </em>from the <em>kofun</em>.</p>
<p>Most large <em>zenp</em>ō<em>k</em>ō<em>enfun </em>that have both <em>tsukuridashi </em>and <em>wataridote </em>happen to be designated as imperial mausoleum (陵墓) and national historic sites (国指定史跡). The full investigation of both <em>tsukuridashi </em>has allowed researchers to understand that they are not both of the same construction or designed for the same purpose.</p>
<p>What is the purpose of a waterfowl-shaped <em>haniwa</em>?</p>
<p>Yamato Takeru is said to have turned into a great white bird when he died (see Philippi&#8217;s <em>Kojiki</em>, Book 2: Chapter 88).</p>
<p>Additionally, we read in Book 1: Chapter 34 of Philippi&#8217;s <em>Kojiki </em>the funerary roles of birds in Japanese mythology:</p>
<p>&#8220;Immediately in that place they built a funeral house. They made a wild goose of the river the bearer of the burial offerings: a heron the broom-bearer; a kingfisher the bearer of the food offerings; a sparrow the grinding woman; and a pheasant the weeping-woman.&#8221;</p>
<p>Birds are often found perched on the bows of boats in <em>kofun </em>wall-paintings (装飾古墳): The bird, therefore, served as a guide or companion in the quest to the other world.</p>
<p>The well-known mirror unearthed from Samitatakarazuka Kofun (佐味田宝塚古墳), a late-4th/early-5th century <em>zenpōkōenfun </em>found in the Umami Kofun Group (馬見古墳群; the same <em>kofun </em>group that includes Suyama Kofun, discussed above), displays birds perched atop a roof.</p>
<p><a href="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/e5aeb6e5b18be69687e98fa1.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-901" title="家屋文鏡" src="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/e5aeb6e5b18be69687e98fa1.jpg?w=300&#038;h=300" alt="" width="300" height="300" /></a>(picture <a href="http://blog.ryukozi.com/?eid=1083242">source</a>; see picture source and <a href="http://inoues.net/study/nabun_new24.jpg">this link</a> for additional pictures and analysis)</p>
<p>The <em>Kojiki</em>, <em>Nihon Shoki</em>, and various local <em>Fudoki </em>(風土記) all contain myths that ascribe great importance to birds, and in particular, roosters (ニワトリ), which reside in the temporal sphere between the dead night and living day.</p>
<p>Such representations of birds can be found in both the Yayoi and Kofun periods. Wooden effigies of birds are not uncommon, either: Most notable are those found at Ikegami Iseki (池上遺跡) in Osaka and Asahi Iseki (朝日遺跡) in Aichi. Such wooden effigies are also found on the Korean peninsula and in Vietnam, attesting to a common animistic thread in ancient local beliefs (see page 80 in Tsuboi Kiyotari [坪井清足]&#8216;s Himiko no Jidai wo Fukugen suru [『卑弥呼の時代を復元する』], 2002).</p>
<p>Tsudōshiroyama Kofun (津堂城山古墳; see the <a href="http://www.city.fujiidera.osaka.jp/9,1111,98,148.html">Fujiidera City site</a> for more information), which dates to the late 4th century and is considered the oldest tomb in the Furuichi Kofun Group (古市古墳群; the same group to which Konda Gobyōyama Kofun [誉田御廟山古墳] belongs [see above]), <a href="http://www.city.fujiidera.osaka.jp/9,1043,96,139.html">yielded several waterfowl-shaped <em>haniwa</em></a>, as well.</p>
<p><a href="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/e5b8b8e69982e5b195e7a4ba.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-950" title="常時展示" src="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/e5b8b8e69982e5b195e7a4ba.jpg?w=300&#038;h=224" alt="" width="300" height="224" /></a>(picture <a href="http://www.bb1964.com/tsudo/img/0111.jpg">source</a>)</p>
<p>They were found secured within a depression made in a square platform (方墳状施設; 17 meters to a side) located within the moat &#8212; no doubt a ritual sphere.</p>
<p><a href="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/e696b9e5a2b3e78ab6.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-951" title="方墳状" src="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/e696b9e5a2b3e78ab6.jpg?w=245&#038;h=300" alt="" width="245" height="300" /></a>(picture <a href="http://inoues.net/osaka/hujiidera_005.jpg">source</a>)</p>
<p>&#8212;&#8211;</p>
<p>For more information on Ikeda Kofun:</p>
<p><a href="http://www.hyogo-koukohaku.jp/excavation/p6krdf000000107f.html">http://www.hyogo-koukohaku.jp/excavation/p6krdf000000107f.html</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.city.asago.hyogo.jp/maibun/siryo%28101120%29.pdf"></a><a href="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/e6b1a0e794b0e58fa4e5a2b3e799bae68e98e8aabfe69fbb.pdf">池田古墳発掘調査</a> (<a href="http://www.city.asago.hyogo.jp/maibun/siryo%28101120%29.pdf">original source</a>)</p>
<p><a href="http://www.hyogo-c.ed.jp/~board-bo/kisya21/2110/2110271-2.pdf"></a><a href="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/e6b1a0e794b0e58fa4e5a2b3e8aabfe69fbbe68890e69e9ce381aee6a682e8a681.pdf">池田古墳調査成果の概要</a> (<a href="http://www.hyogo-c.ed.jp/~board-bo/kisya21/2110/2110271-2.pdf">original source</a>)</p>
<p>&#8212;&#8211;</p>
<blockquote><p>水鳥形埴輪　また８体／朝来・池田古墳<br />
2011年03月03日<br />
ほぼ完全な形で出土した水鳥形埴輪＝朝来市和田山町<br />
県立考古博物館は２日、朝来市和田山町平野の池田古墳（５世紀前半）で、祭祀（さい・し）に使われたとみられる水鳥形埴輪（はに・わ）８体が見つかった、と発表した。同古墳ではこれまでに計１５体の水鳥形埴輪が出土。応神陵（大阪府羽曳野市）と並んでいたが、今回の８体で全国最多となった。<br />
水鳥形埴輪は、古墳東側の周濠の底や葺石の裾付近から見つかった。ほぼ完全な形のものも初めて見つかり、台座を含めた高さ４８センチ、幅２１センチ、長さ４４センチ。羽根の部分などが細かく表現されているほか、他の埴輪とは色や土の質が違い、奈良県広陵町の巣山古墳で見つかったものと似ているという。<br />
他に出土した船形や家形などの埴輪の造形も優れているといい、埴輪に詳しい花園大学の高橋克寿教授（考古学）は「水鳥、家、船などの埴輪は一流のもので、直接運ばれるか大和や河内の工人が携わったものに間違いなく、池田古墳の重要性は高い」と話している。<br />
池田古墳は全長１４１メートルの前方後円墳で、但馬や丹波、丹後地方を治めた有力者の墓とされる。水鳥形埴輪を使った祭祀は、大和や河内の大型古墳と共通していることから、被葬者は大和朝廷から派遣されて但馬などを治めていた人物だった可能性もあるという。<br />
現地説明会は５日午後１時半から。現場はＪＲ和田山駅の南西。問い合わせは現場事務所（０７９・６７２・１２５０）へ。</p>
<p>http://mytown.asahi.com/hyogo/news.php?k_id=29000001103030001</p>
<p>AR2011/03/03</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>水鳥形埴輪、完全な形で初発見　兵庫の池田古墳から<br />
池田古墳で国内初の完全な形で見つかった水鳥形埴輪＝２日午後、兵庫県朝来市<br />
兵庫県立考古博物館は２日、同県朝来市の前方後円墳「池田古墳」（５世紀前半、全長１４１メートル）で、水鳥形埴輪１体が国内で初めて完全な形で見つかったと発表した。<br />
博物館によると、この埴輪は高さ４８センチ、幅２１センチ、長さ４４センチ。頭や胴体などが破片状態で見つかった他の７体とともに、古墳中央東側にあるくびれ付近の台状遺構「造り出し」に沿って出土した。<br />
池田古墳でこれまでに発見された水鳥形埴輪は１５体で大阪府羽曳野市の誉田御廟山古墳（応神天皇陵）と並んで全国最多だった。今回の発見で、国内で単独最多の２３体となった。<br />
大手前大総合文化学部の櫃本誠一教授（考古学）は「古墳の造り出しは祭祀に関係があるとされる従来の考えを裏付けた」と話している。現地説明会は５日午後１時半から。<br />
2011/03/02 17:53   【共同通信】</p>
<p>http://www.47news.jp/CN/201103/CN2011030201000668.html</p>
<p>AR2011/03/03</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>池田古墳の水鳥形埴輪　最多<br />
５世紀前半に築かれた朝来市の池田古墳について、発掘調査の結果が発表され、今回の調査では、新たに８個の水鳥の形をした埴輪が見つかり、これまで見つかったものとあわせると全国で最多の出土数となり、貴重な発見としています。<br />
朝来市和田山町平野にある池田古墳は、５世紀前半に築かれた前方後円墳で、全長およそ１４０メートルと但馬地方最大の古墳で、当時の大和政権から但馬地方の王として任命された人物の墓とみられています。<br />
兵庫県立考古博物館では、平成２０年度から古墳の発掘調査を行っていて、２日は現地で、今年度の調査結果が発表されました。<br />
それによりますと、古墳の東側の濠から、新たに８個の水鳥の形をした埴輪がみつかり、これまで見つかったものとあわせると２３個と、全国で最多の出土数となりました。<br />
また、このうち、今回はじめて完全な形をした埴輪も１つ見つかったということです。<br />
こうした水鳥形埴輪は、大阪府の応神天皇陵古墳などでも見つかっていますが、１か所でこれだけ多く見つかるのは貴重な発見だということです。<br />
こうした埴輪は、埋葬された人の霊を来世におくるため並べられたのではないかということで、県立考古博物館の渡辺昇課長補佐は、「埋葬された人物は、大和政権と密接な関係にあったと思います」と話していました。<br />
県立考古博物館では、今月５日に現地説明会を開くことにしています。<br />
03月02日　18時42分</p>
<p>http://www.nhk.or.jp/lnews/kobe/2024332191.html</p>
<p>AR2011/03/03</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>全国初、完全な形の水鳥形埴輪　朝来の池田古墳<br />
完全な状態で見つかった水鳥形埴輪＝朝来市和田山町平野<br />
兵庫県立考古博物館（播磨町大中）は２日、朝来市和田山町平野にある県内で４番目に大きい前方後円墳「池田古墳」（全長１４１メートル）で、完全な形の水鳥形埴輪１体が全国で初めて見つかった、と発表した。これまでに発掘された鳥形の埴輪は計２３体となり、一つの古墳から見つかった数としては全国最多。<br />
完全形の埴輪は高さ４８センチ、幅２１センチ、長さ４４センチ。土台の上に作られており、土台部分を埋めて飾っていたらしい。くちばしの鼻の穴や羽毛の線、折りたたんだ翼の形状まで、極めて精巧に作られており、ほかの埴輪と一線を画している。また、土の色が円筒埴輪や家形埴輪と違って茶色っぽい。<br />
発掘に当たった同博物館の渡辺昇学芸委員は「黒雲母などが含まれていることなどから、但馬で作られたものではない。巣山古墳（奈良県葛城市）で見つかった水鳥形の埴輪とよく似ており、中央で作って但馬に運んだのでは」と推測している。<br />
（三上彰規）<br />
■高橋克寿花園大学文学部教授の話　水鳥や家、盾、船などの埴輪は一流のもの。大和河内から直接運ばれたか、そこの技術者が携わったものに違いなく、池田古墳の重要性は高い。<br />
(2011/03/02 21:32)</p>
<p>http://www.kobe-np.co.jp/news/bunka/0003839800.shtml</p>
<p>AR2011/03/03</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>さらに強まる大和朝廷とのつながり　兵庫・朝来の池田古墳<br />
2011.3.2 20:45<br />
池田古墳で国内初の完全な形で見つかった水鳥形埴輪＝２日午後、兵庫県朝来市<br />
水鳥形埴輪が計２３体となり、全国最多の出土数になった古墳時代中期（５世紀前半）の王墓とされる「池田古墳」（兵庫県朝来市）。埴輪の形状などから、大和朝廷との深いつながりが一層強まった。<br />
水鳥形埴輪は、墳丘東側のくぼみ部分にある「造り出し」と呼ばれる祭祀（さいし）場から東西約１４メートルにわたって出土。８体のうち、脚台つきの１体（高さ４８センチ、幅２１センチ、長さ４４センチ）はほぼ完全な形でみつかった。他の７体は壊れ、破片状態の頭部のみで判断。埋葬者の魂を、あの世へ運ぶ意味を込めておかれたらしい。<br />
当時、大和朝廷の支配下だった「旦波（たにわ）王国」があったとされ、但馬など３地域を治めていた。水鳥形埴輪は大和朝廷でつくられていたものと同様のもので、朝廷が因幡（鳥取県）へと勢力を広げていく際、この地域を重要視していたことを示すものとみられる。<br />
これまでに応神天皇陵ともされる誉田御廟山（こんだごびょうやま）古墳（大阪府羽曳野市）と並ぶ計１５体が出土。同じ時代の大王墓とされる前方後円墳「巣山古墳」（奈良県広陵町）から出土したものなどと土色が同じで、耳や羽などの部分が精巧に作られているため、素人作とは考えられず、花園大学の高橋克壽教授（考古学）は「一流品の埴輪。大和から運ばれたか、大和の専門職人が携わっていたに違いない」と話している。</p>
<p>http://sankei.jp.msn.com/life/news/110302/art11030220460007-n1.htm</p>
<p>AR2011/03/03</p></blockquote>
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		<title>Konda Gobyōyama Kofun &#8211; Square platform found on zenpōbu</title>
		<link>http://japanesearchaeology.com/2011/02/20/konda-gobyoyama-kofun-square-platform-found-on-zenpobu/</link>
		<comments>http://japanesearchaeology.com/2011/02/20/konda-gobyoyama-kofun-square-platform-found-on-zenpobu/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 20 Feb 2011 00:12:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joseph Ryan</dc:creator>
		
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://japanesearchaeology.com/?p=931</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Dated to the first half of the 5th century, Konda Gobyōyama Kofun (誉田御廟山古墳) is the second largest tomb in Japan and is located in Habikino city (羽曳野市), Osaka prefecture. According to the testimonies of researchers who conducted a non-invasive investigation of the tomb&#8217;s externals in 2008, it came to light on February 19 that a [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=japanesearchaeology.com&amp;blog=987012&amp;post=931&amp;subd=nagaeyari&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Dated to the first half of the 5th century, Konda Gobyōyama Kofun (誉田御廟山古墳) is the second largest tomb in Japan and is located in Habikino city (羽曳野市), Osaka prefecture.</p>
<p>According to the testimonies of researchers who conducted a non-invasive investigation of the tomb&#8217;s externals in 2008, it came to light on February 19 that a square dirt platform is located atop the zenpōbu (rectangular front of the keyhole tomb).</p>
<p>Designated as the tomb of Emperor Ōjin (応神天皇), it measures 420 meters long, making it the central tomb of the Furuichi Kofun Group (古市古墳群), located between Habikino city and Fujiidera city (藤井寺市).  Not too far away is the well-known Mozu Kofun Group (百舌鳥古墳群) of Sakai city (堺市), the main tomb being Daisenryō Kofun (大仙陵古墳; attributed to Emperor Nintoku).</p>
<p>Raised platforms such as these are most often found atop the kōenbu (後円部; round rear of the tomb), near where the central personage was buried.</p>
<p>Notable exceptions to this structural pattern, besides the tomb in question, include Aotsuka Kofun (青塚古墳; picture below), which displays a small raised projection (<em>danjō ikō</em> 壇状遺構) about where the Konda Gobyōyama Kofun&#8217;s platform is located.</p>
<p><a href="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/aotsuka3.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-891" title="aotsuka3" src="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/aotsuka3.jpg?w=560&#038;h=420" alt="" width="560" height="420" /></a>(picture <a href="http://www.aichi-c.ed.jp/contents/syakai/syakai/owari/owa0053.htm">source</a>; unrelated to Konda Gobyouyama Kofun)</p>
<p>An additional location found for raised platforms, projections, and alters includes the sides of tombs. Minato Chausuyama Kofun has a  projection along its north side, branching off from the <em>zenpōbu</em> (page 3 of <a href="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/e6b98ae88cb6e887bce5b1b1e58fa4e5a2b3.pdf">this PDF</a> [original <a href="http://www.city.okayama.jp/contents/000080817.pdf">source</a>]). This raised projection (<em>danjō ikō</em> 壇状遺構) is connected to the <em>kōenbu </em>via a connecting bridge (<em>rikukyō</em> 陸橋).</p>
<p>The side projection is believed to be congruous to the <em>shimajō ikō</em> (島状遺構; island projection) found alongside certain large-scale Nara and Osaka tombs, including Suyama Kofun (巣山古墳; 220-meter <em>zenpōkōenfun </em>belonging to the Umami Kofun Group [馬見古墳群] in Nara prefecture, dated to late-4th/early-5th century; positioned as the tomb of a Katsuragi [葛城] family ancestor [Miyayama Kofun (宮山古墳) is another tomb associated with the early Katsuragi]), seen below.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/suyama0.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-894" title="suyama0" src="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/suyama0.jpg?w=274&#038;h=299" alt="" width="274" height="299" /></a>(picture <a href="http://www.eonet.ne.jp/~etizenkikou/suyamakofun.htm">source</a>)</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">These side projections are believed to have <a href="http://www.47news.jp/CN/201005/CN2010051901000681.html">hosted various rites</a>. Some posit that in the burial of the patriarch we can find ritual associated with the succession ceremony.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Those raised platforms found atop the kouenbu are believed to have been sacred alters or markers indicated spiritual boundaries.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Some interpret the placement of this platform on the far end of the keyhole tomb as suggesting an additional burial there &#8212; most likely a relative.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">According to measurements created by the old Imperial Household Agency over 1oo years ago, the base (viewed from above) measured 40 meters and the top over 20 meters. The height of the dirt stage was measured at approximately 8 meters.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">A similar square platform has been found atop Nishitonozuka Kofun (西殿塚古墳; also Nishitonotsuka Kofun), which is located in Tenri city, Nara prefecture, and measures 234 meters long. Posited by some as the final resting place of Iyo (壱与; also Toyo 台与), the successor to Himiko, it is dated to late 3rd to early 4th century. Another such platform was found atop Nara prefecture&#8217;s Sakurai Chausuyama Kofun (桜井茶臼山古墳), which yielded a cache of 81 bronze mirrors. The mound found atop Konda Gobyōyama Kofun, however, is the largest to date.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">According to a newspaper article (the local paper delivered to my doorstep), it is believed that most <em>kofun</em> exhibiting multiple burials inter siblings. I am curious what evidence this statement is based on.</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align:left;">応神陵に巨大方形壇　前方部、血縁者を埋葬か<br />
2011年2月19日 15:17</p>
<p>日本で２番目に大きく、宮内庁が応神天皇陵に指定している前方後円墳、誉田御廟山（こんだごびょうやま）古墳（大阪府羽曳野市、５世紀前半）の前方部頂上に巨大な方形の土壇があることが１９日、２００８年に墳丘を立ち入り調査した研究者らの証言で分かった。<br />
宮内庁が応神天皇陵に指定している誉田御廟山古墳＝大阪府羽曳野市で共同通信社ヘリから</p>
<p>通常は古墳の主を葬る後円部上にあり、聖域を示す結界や祭壇との説が有力。“埋葬施設の目印”とも言われ、同古墳では後円部の天皇だけでなく、前方部にも血縁者ら重要人物を埋葬した可能性が高いとみられる。</p>
<p>日本考古学協会などは２４日、同庁の許可を得て内壕の土手を調査するが、墳丘本体への立ち入りは認められていない。</p>
<p>関係者によると、宮内庁陵墓管理委員会（考古学者ら８人）が０８年秋、整備計画検討のため専門家として初めて墳丘内を立ち入り調査。</p>
<p>内容は非公表だが、委員の河上邦彦神戸山手大教授（考古学）によると、前方部の先端寄りに土を盛って築いた壇があった。保存状態は極めて良く、未盗掘の可能性もあるという。後円部には神社の施設が置かれた時期があり、土壇の有無などは確認できなかった。</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">http://www.nnn.co.jp/dainichi/knews/110219/20110219058.html</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">AR2011/02/20</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align:left;">&nbsp;</p>
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		<title>Yakushiji &#8211; Edo period Daihannyakyō books actually from Nara period</title>
		<link>http://japanesearchaeology.com/2011/02/07/yakushiji-edo-period-daihannyakyo-books-actually-from-nara-period/</link>
		<comments>http://japanesearchaeology.com/2011/02/07/yakushiji-edo-period-daihannyakyo-books-actually-from-nara-period/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 07 Feb 2011 00:03:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joseph Ryan</dc:creator>
		
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		<description><![CDATA[Yakushiji temple (薬師寺) in Nara prefecture has in its possession a set of folding books (orihon 折り本) belonging to the Large Sūtra on Perfect Wisdom, or Daihannyakyō (大般若経) – the full name being the Daihannyaharamittakyō (大般若波羅蜜多経) or Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra. The Daihannyaharamittakyō was translated by Genjō (玄奘; Hsüan-tsang [Xuanzang]), a Chinese  yakkyōsō (訳経僧; a monk employed to [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=japanesearchaeology.com&amp;blog=987012&amp;post=907&amp;subd=nagaeyari&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Yakushiji temple (薬師寺) in Nara prefecture has in its possession a set of folding books (<em>orihon</em> 折り本) belonging to the <em>Large Sūtra on Perfect Wisdom</em>, or <em>Daihannyakyō</em> (大般若経) – the full name being the <em>Daihannyaharamittakyō</em> (大般若波羅蜜多経) or <em>Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra</em>.<em> </em>The <em>Daihannyaharamittakyō</em> was translated by Genjō (玄奘; Hsüan-tsang [Xuanzang]), a Chinese  <em>yakkyōsō</em> (訳経僧; a monk employed to translate sutras) of the first half of the 7<sup>th</sup> century.</p>
<p>Researchers announced on February 1, 2010, however, that 47 of the books, until now considered as belonging to the Edo period, were actually produced during the Nara-period (710-794). This exciting discovery is made all the more interesting by the revelation that they were actually used for services until approximately 30 years ago.</p>
<p><a href="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/text.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-909" title="TEXT" src="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/text.jpg?w=166&#038;h=250" alt="" width="166" height="250" /></a>(picture <a href="http://www.nara-np.co.jp/photo/d32390441393256389f3d40f7da6baf0.jpg">source</a>)</p>
<p>A monk from Kōfukuji (興福寺) in Nara prefecture, Eion (永恩; 1167-?) is known for compiling <em>Daihannyakyō</em> sutra scrolls from the Nara to Heian periods into a collection known as the <em>Eionkyō</em> (永恩経) or <em>Eiongukyō</em> (永恩具経). Originally in scroll form (<em>makimono</em> 巻物), the Yakushiji texts were made into folding books in the Edo period, and have been misunderstood as Early Modern texts ever since.</p>
<p>The great majority of the scrolls belonging to the <em>Eionkyō</em> have disappeared, with only approximately 40 of the 600 (which would comprise one set) having been previously found.</p>
<p>Each folding book measures 25.6 centimeters tall and a length of 8-10 meters if stretched out fully.</p>
<p>Eion’s vermillion signature was found at the end of a volume in September 2010, leading researchers to identify the text as the<em> Eionkyō</em>. Judging from the handwriting and quality of the paper, the text was dated to the Nara period. Handwritten notations and dates have also been found, such as &#8220;Jōei 1&#8243; (貞永元年[1232]) and &#8220;Tenpuku 1&#8243; (天福元年 [1233]). A section of the <em>Eionkyō </em>belonging to the Kyoto National Museum has a handwritten date of Tenpyō 2 (天平２年 [730]).</p>
<p><a href="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/eion.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-908" title="EION" src="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/eion.jpg?w=142&#038;h=250" alt="" width="142" height="250" /></a>Eion&#8217;s signature can be seen within the circle, above (picture <a href="http://www.nara-np.co.jp/photo/196623d9e363280184763654471c638b.jpg">source</a>)</p>
<p>See <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Princeton-Companion-Classical-Japanese-Literature/dp/0691008256/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1297030715&amp;sr=8-1">The Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature</a> ( p. 380) for more information on the <em>Daihannyaharamittakyō</em>.</p>
<blockquote><p>奈良時代の写経47巻 &#8211; 薬師寺、29年前まで法要で使われていた<br />
2011年2月2日　奈良新聞<br />
奈良市西ノ京町の薬師寺で、奈良時代に写された大般若経が47巻まとまって見つかり、薬師寺が1日、発表した。興福寺の僧、永恩(えいおん)が鎌倉時代に集めた「永恩具経」と呼ばれる大般若経(全600巻)の一部で、全国で約40巻しか確認されていない。発見で約6分の 1がそろったことになり、全体像に迫る貴重な資料となる。<br />
昨年9月、境内の蔵を調査中に職員が発見。紙質や字体から奈良時代の写経と判断した。1巻当たりの長さは8～10メートル。末尾に永恩の署名があり、読みやすいよう、朱色で句切り点が打たれている。<br />
昭和57年まで法要で使われたが、江戸時代の版本と混成の大般若経で、奈良時代の写経と気づかなかったという。<br />
興福寺の僧房で句切り点を入れたことや「貞永元年(1232年)」「天福元年(1233年)」の日付も朱書きされていた。<br />
永恩具経は奈良時代の写経を集めて構成され、京都国立博物館所蔵の2巻が重要文化財に指定されている。<br />
薬師寺宝物管理研究所の稲城信子研究員は「奈良時代の写経を多数含む大般若経は極めて少なく、薬師寺で発見された意義は大きい」と話している。<br />
発見された永恩具経は今月26日から3月6日まで、東京都品川区の薬師寺東京別院で公開される。</p>
<p>AR2011/02/07</p>
<p>http://www.nara-np.co.jp/20110202105136.html</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>薬師寺：「酷使」のお経、奈良時代　永恩収集の４７巻、製作時期判明<br />
奈良市の薬師寺は１日、奈良時代に書かれた大般若経の経本４７巻が見つかったと発表した。鎌倉時代に興福寺の僧、永恩（えいおん）が集めたものの一部で、約３０年前まで実際に法要で使われていた。６００巻１セットのうちこれまで約４０巻が確認されているだけで、同寺は「これだけまとまって見つかるのは珍しい」としている。<br />
永恩が集めた経本は「永恩経」と呼ばれ、朱で句切点や永恩の署名が書き込まれている。このうち、「天平２（７３０）年」の銘がある京都国立博物館所蔵のものは重要文化財に指定されている。<br />
同寺に伝わった時期は不明だが、毎月８日に営む「大般若経転読法要」で、経本を空中でバラバラとめくって箱などにたたき付ける転読に使ってきた。８３年１月に新調したものと取り換え、古い経本は蔵に収めた。昨年９月、古い経本を調べたところ、巻物だった永恩経を折本に改装したものが４７巻含まれていた。<br />
法要で実際に使っていたという同寺の加藤朝胤（ちょういん）主事は「これだけ古いものが最近まで使われていたことに、薬師寺の歴史の深みを感じる」と話す。２６日から同寺東京別院（品川区）で開かれる「薬師寺の文化財保護展」で初公開される。【花澤茂人】<br />
毎日新聞　2011年2月2日　大阪朝刊</p>
<p>AR2011/02/07</p>
<p>http://mainichi.jp/kansai/archive/news/2011/02/02/20110202ddn012040022000c.html</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>江戸時代の経本、実は奈良時代の写経だった　薬師寺<br />
2011年2月2日8時54分<br />
奈良・薬師寺は１日、寺所蔵の大般若経（だいはんにゃきょう）４７冊が、奈良時代に書写された経巻を再構成した「永恩経（えいおんきょう）」の一部とわかったと発表した。元は巻物だったが、江戸時代に折り本に仕立て直されたらしく、これまで江戸時代の経本とされていた。永恩経は約４０巻しか見つかっておらず、重要文化財級の発見という。</p>
<p>永恩（１１６７～？）は鎌倉時代を生きた奈良・興福寺の僧で、奈良～平安期の経巻を集めて大般若経全６００巻の再構成に取り組んだ。永恩経の大半は散逸し、京都国立博物館の２巻が重文指定されている。</p>
<p>今回、永恩経とわかった経本は、１冊が縦２５．６センチ、長さは折り目をならすと８～１０メートル。昨年９月、巻末の「奥書」に朱書きされた永恩の署名から「永恩経」と判明。筆跡などから、奈良時代の写経と判断された。</p>
<p>薬師寺宝物管理研究所の稲城信子研究員は「奈良時代の写経の発見は奈良でも数例。まとまって見つかった意味は大きく、重文級だ」と話す。</p>
<p>経本は２６日～３月６日、東京・五反田の薬師寺東京別院で開かれる「薬師寺の文化財保護展」（朝日新聞社後援）で公開される。（編集委員・小滝ちひろ）</p>
<p>AR2011/02/07</p>
<p>http://www.asahi.com/culture/update/0201/OSK201102010131.html</p></blockquote>
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		<title>Minato Chausuyama Kofun &#8211; No central personage interred inside?</title>
		<link>http://japanesearchaeology.com/2011/01/18/minato-chausuyama-kofun/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 18 Jan 2011 00:59:19 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joseph Ryan</dc:creator>
		
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		<description><![CDATA[Minato Chausuyama Kofun (湊茶臼山古墳), located in Minato, Okayama city, Okayama prefecture, is a zenpōkōenfun measuring approximately 130 meters in total length. While, on the whole, it is fairly flat and low-sitting for a keyhole-shaped tomb, the extremities of its kōenbu (the rounded rear) and zenpōbu (the rectangular front) rise markedly. The land now covered by [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=japanesearchaeology.com&amp;blog=987012&amp;post=584&amp;subd=nagaeyari&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Minato Chausuyama Kofun (湊茶臼山古墳), located in Minato, Okayama city, Okayama prefecture, is a <em>zenpōkōenfun </em>measuring approximately 130 meters in total length. While, on the whole, it is fairly flat and low-sitting for a keyhole-shaped tomb, the extremities of its <em>kōenbu </em>(the rounded rear) and <em>zenpōbu </em>(the rectangular front) rise markedly. The land now covered by paddy fields that stretches southward of the tomb was submerged under the ocean during the early 5th century, when it is believed to have been built (refer to the map under the &#8220;Map&#8221; tab to see the proximity to the Inland Sea).</p>
<p>Minato Chausuyama Kofun apparently has no elaborate stone-chamber burial facility nor central personage buried within. While a  large pit (攪乱坑) measuring approximately 3.5 meters in diameter and over  3.5 meters deep was discovered in the center of the <em>kōenbu</em>, it is  suspected to be evidence of looting (see <a href="http://www.sanyo.oni.co.jp/news_s/news/d/2010121507430052/">this video</a> for a visual of the pit). This is not to say that Minato  Chausuyama Kofun is simply a pile of dirt, however; it still functions  as a grave: Running parallel to the tomb&#8217;s central axis are two  secondary burial facilities. Their small size for a <em>kofun </em>measuring over  100 meters and their position off from the <em>kōenbu</em>&#8216;s nucleus strongly  suggest to archaeologists that they are the resting places of inferior  retainers or family members of the individual supposed to be interred  within. Burial Facility 1 measures 4.5m long and 2m wide, and is a  simple clay-covered <em>waridakegata mokkan</em> (割竹形木棺; a split-log wooden coffin). Burial Facility 2 measures 7m long and 2m wide, and is an example of a <em>nendokaku </em>(粘土槨), a clay-encased <em>waridakegata mokkan</em>. Neither of these would qualify as the burial facility of a personage requiring an approximately-130-meter-long keyhole tomb. Researchers can only speculate as to why this large-scale tomb does not contain a central burial &#8212; and most suggest that (for some reason or another) it is incomplete. This possibility is bolstered by the absence of <em>fukiishi </em>(葺石; paving stones) and the limited number of haniwa figures.</p>
<p>Haniwa are believed to have once lined the <em>kōenbu</em>, but they have found their way into the large, open pit. They appear in two varieties: House-shaped figures (<em>iegata haniwa</em> 家形埴輪) and a partial suit of clay armor. The house is of <em>irimoya </em>(入母屋; hip-and-gable) construction and displays a wickerwork (<em>ajiro </em>網代) design on its roof. Across its ridgepole is laid a <a href="http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/k/katsuogi.htm"><em>katsuogi </em></a>(勝魚木, 堅魚木, 鰹木, in addition to many other variations), evidence of its early inclusion into the arsenal of ritual architecture. References in the Kojiki lead one to believe that it was originally reserved solely for members of the imperial family, but soon expanded to other Shinto-related, influential families (the JAANUS page mentions the Nakatomi and Mononobe families).</p>
<p>Another ancient example of <em>irimoya </em>construction, which is seen quite frequently later in Buddhist-temple and Shinto-shrine architecture, is found on a mirror unearthed from Samitatakarazuka Kofun (佐味田宝塚古墳), a late-4th/early-5th century <em>zenpōkōenfun </em>found in the Umami Kofun Group (馬見古墳群; the same kofun group that includes Suyama Kofun, discussed below).</p>
<p><a href="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/e5aeb6e5b18be69687e98fa1.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-901" title="家屋文鏡" src="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/e5aeb6e5b18be69687e98fa1.jpg?w=300&#038;h=300" alt="" width="300" height="300" /></a>(picture <a href="http://blog.ryukozi.com/?eid=1083242">source</a>; see picture source and <a href="http://inoues.net/study/nabun_new24.jpg">this link</a> for additional pictures and analysis)</p>
<p>Surrounding the central knob (<em><span style="color:#000000;">ch</span>ū</em><span style="color:#000000;"> 鈕</span>) are four different designs of Kofun-period houses, and included therein is a house displaying <em>irimoya </em>construction.</p>
<p>Returning to the haniwa recovered at Minato Chausuyama Kofun, all that is extant of the clay suit of armor (if it ever was a complete set connected to a cuirass [<em>tankō</em><em> </em>短甲]) is <em>a kusazuri</em> (草摺; skirt of armor worn to protect the lower torso and upper thighs) replica, which bears an <em>ayasugimon</em> (綾杉紋; herringbone design) design, mimicking fastened plates of iron armor.</p>
<p>Structurally of interest concerning Minato Chausuyama Kofun is the projection found on the north side of the tomb, branching off from the <em>zenpōbu</em> (page 3 of <a href="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/e6b98ae88cb6e887bce5b1b1e58fa4e5a2b3.pdf">this PDF</a> [original <a href="http://www.city.okayama.jp/contents/000080817.pdf">source</a>]). This raised projection (<em>danjō ikō</em> 壇状遺構) is connected to the <em>kōenbu </em>via a connecting bridge (<em>rikukyō</em> 陸橋). The following picture is of a <em>danjō ikō</em>, albeit belonging to an altogether different <em>kofun</em>: <strong> </strong>The altar-like projection atop the tomb&#8217;s rectangular rear belongs to Aotsuka Kofun (青塚古墳).</p>
<p><a href="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/aotsuka3.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-891" title="aotsuka3" src="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/aotsuka3.jpg?w=560&#038;h=420" alt="" width="560" height="420" /></a>(picture <a href="http://www.aichi-c.ed.jp/contents/syakai/syakai/owari/owa0053.htm">source</a>)</p>
<p>The side projection is believed to be congruous to the <em>shimajō ikō</em> (島状遺構; island projection) found alongside certain large-scale Nara and Osaka tombs, including Suyama Kofun (巣山古墳; 220-meter <em>zenpōkōenfun </em>belonging to the Umami Kofun Group [馬見古墳群] in Nara prefecture, dated to late-4th/early-5th century; positioned as the tomb of a Katsuragi [葛城] family ancestor [Miyayama Kofun (宮山古墳) is another tomb associated with the early Katsuragi]), seen below.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><a href="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/suyama0.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-894" title="suyama0" src="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/suyama0.jpg?w=274&#038;h=299" alt="" width="274" height="299" /></a>(picture <a href="http://www.eonet.ne.jp/~etizenkikou/suyamakofun.htm">source</a>)</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">These side projections are believed to have <a href="http://www.47news.jp/CN/201005/CN2010051901000681.html">hosted various rites</a>. Some posit that in the burial of the patriarch we can find ritual associated with the succession ceremony. Perhaps these altar-like ritual areas were used to install the next ruler.</p>
<p>Nearby is Urama Chausuyama Kofun (Urama, Okayama city), a <em>zenpōkōefun </em>measuring a total length of 138 meters; the <em>kōenbu </em>is of a three-tiered construction, and the <em>zenpōbu </em> flares outward from a skinny trunk at the juncture of the <em>kōenbu </em>and <em>zenpōbu </em> in the very old plectrum design (<em>bachigata </em>撥形) characteristic of the earliest keyhole tombs. The oldest large-scale keyhole tomb in the Kibi (吉備) region, it belongs to a class of <em>kofun </em>known as proportionate-scale tombs (<em>sōjikeifun </em>相似形墳; term coined by author on the fly) &#8212; a term that refers to a group of tombs that, while they differ in size, are identical in shape and angles, making one tomb the scaled-up or scaled-down mirror of the &#8220;mother&#8221; tomb. Urama Chausuyama Kofun is a half-scale replica of Hashihaka Kofun (箸墓古墳), located in Sakurai city, Nara prefecture. Hashihaka Kofun has long been posited by archaeologists as the final resting place of Himiko, the queen of Yamatai, or Toyo/Iyo (臺與/壹與), her successor, although this theory is not without its detractors. While it is not the only proportionate-scale replica of Hashihaka Kofun, it is the largest outside of the Kinai (機内; the Kyoto-Osaka-Nara region of central Japan) region.</p>
<p>It is estimated to have been constructed in the late-3rd/early-4th century, and,<a href="http://www2e.biglobe.ne.jp/~fujimoto/joto/urama.htm"> for its time</a>, not only ranked as the 4th largest <em>kofun</em> within Japan, but was also the largest <em>kofun </em>outside of the Kinki region.</p>
<p><strong>For more information on Minato Chausuyama Kofun:</strong></p>
<p>http://www.city.okayama.jp/museum/kofun1/index2.html</p>
<p><strong>For more information on Urama Chausuyama Kofun:</strong></p>
<p>http://www2e.biglobe.ne.jp/~fujimoto/joto/urama.htm</p>
<p>http://www2a.biglobe.ne.jp/~marusan/phuramatyausuyamakofun1.html</p>
<p>http://www.city.okayama.jp/museum/kofun1/01.html</p>
<p><strong>For more information on Suyama Kofun:</strong></p>
<p>http://www.town.koryo.nara.jp/contents_detail.php?co=kak&#038;frmId=28</p>
<p>http://homepage2.nifty.com/mononoke-kofun-room/HP/suyama.htm</p>
<p>http://www.eonet.ne.jp/~etizenkikou/suyamakofun.htm</p>
<blockquote><p>湊茶臼山古墳：中心人物の埋葬、形跡なし…想像広げファン興奮－－現地説明会　／岡山</p>
<p>毎日新聞 12月24日(金)15時52分配信 [2010]<br />
岡山市教育委員会が発掘調査している湊茶臼山古墳（中区湊）の現地説明会が２３日、あった。古墳には主（あるじ）を埋葬した形跡がなく、地元住民や考古学ファンら約１８０人が集まり、発掘調査の担当者の説明に熱心に耳を傾けていた。【石井尚】<br />
同古墳は５世紀初めごろに造られたと考えられる前方後円墳。埋葬状況を確認するため、古墳の後円部を掘り下げたところ、中央に直径約３・５メートル、深さ約３・５メートルの盗掘抗とみられる穴跡が発見された。だが石室や副葬品などの埋葬施設は見つからなかった。また盗掘抗の近くには２基の木棺と粘土で造られた埋葬施設が確認されたが、中心人物の埋葬とは考えにくいという。<br />
発掘を担当した市教委文化財課主任の安川満さんは「今回の調査では何もないことがわかった。理由を考えるのは難しいが、当時、政変などがあり埋葬されなかったのかも知れない」と話した。説明会に参加した倉敷市西坂、会社員、佐藤光範さん（８０）は「中心人物の被葬者がいないから、そのはにわがなかった。大発見です」と興奮した様子で話した。</p>
<p>１２月２４日朝刊</p>
<p>http://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/hl?a=20101224-00000181-mailo-l33</p>
<p>AR2010/12/27</p></blockquote>
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		<title>Saidaji grounds &#8211; Mokkan bearing Isonokami Yakatsugu&#8217;s name found amongst cache</title>
		<link>http://japanesearchaeology.com/2011/01/17/saidaji-grounds-mokkan-bearing-isonokami-yakatsugus-name-found-amongst-cache/</link>
		<comments>http://japanesearchaeology.com/2011/01/17/saidaji-grounds-mokkan-bearing-isonokami-yakatsugus-name-found-amongst-cache/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 17 Jan 2011 08:18:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Joseph Ryan</dc:creator>
		
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://japanesearchaeology.com/?p=442</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[A cache of official, administrative-use mokkan (木簡; wooden tablets) was found in a gutter uncovered at the old grounds of Saidaiji (西大寺), a temple located in Nara city. One of the mokkan, measuring 29.7 centimeters long, 2.75 centimeters wide, and 0.46 centimeters thick, lists the titles and positions of an aristocrat named Isonokami Yakatsugu (石上宅嗣; [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=japanesearchaeology.com&amp;blog=987012&amp;post=442&amp;subd=nagaeyari&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A cache of official, administrative-use <em>mokkan </em>(木簡; wooden tablets) was found in a gutter uncovered at the old grounds of Saidaiji (西大寺), a temple located in Nara city.</p>
<p>One of the <em>mokkan</em>, measuring 29.7 centimeters long, 2.75 centimeters wide, and 0.46 centimeters thick, lists the titles and positions of an aristocrat named Isonokami Yakatsugu (石上宅嗣; 729-781).</p>
<p>An official of the Nara period known for his love of learning and perspicacious character, the highest position he attained during his lifetime was Dainagon (大納言), senior third rank (正三位), although he was posthumously given the senior second rank (正二位). He is credited as establishing Untei (芸亭), Japan&#8217;s first &#8220;public library,&#8221; which housed non-Buddhist works (<em>geten </em>外典). In his later years, he remodeled his mansion into a temple called Ashukuji (阿閦寺), and it was one section of this temple that he devoted to his library.</p>
<p><a href="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/pn2009120301000602-ci0003.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-794 aligncenter" title="PN2009120301000602.-.-.CI0003" src="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/pn2009120301000602-ci0003.jpg?w=304&#038;h=405" alt="" width="304" height="405" /></a>(Picture <a href="http://www.47news.jp/CN/200912/CN2009120301000554.html">source</a>)</p>
<p>The tablet reads:</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">[1]参議　[2]従三位　[3]式部卿　[4]常陸守　[5]中衛中将　[6]造東内長官　[7]石上朝臣</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">[1] <em>Sangi</em>: The next position after the <em>Dainagon </em>and <em>Chūnagon</em>, to which individuals of the fourth rank or higher could be assigned</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">[2] Junior third rank</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">[3] <em>Shikibukyō</em>: The head of the <em>Shikibushō </em>(式部省; Ministry of Ceremonies)</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">[4] Lord of Hitachi (常陸)</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">[5] <em>Chūe Chūjō</em> (中衛中将): Lieutenant general of the <em>Chōefu </em>(中衛府), which headed imperial palace security, together with the <em>Konoefu </em>(近衛府)</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">[6] Head of the construction of Tōin (東院)</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">[7] Isonokami no Asomi, &#8220;<em>asomi</em>&#8221; (朝臣) being the second highest of the eight <em>kabane </em>(<em>yakusa no kabane </em>八色の姓). In order from highest ranked, the eight <em>kabane </em>are as follows: <em>Mahito</em>, <em>Asomi</em>/<em>Ason</em>, <em>Sukune</em>, <em>Imiki</em>, <em>Michinoshi</em>, <em>Omi</em>, <em>Muraji</em>, and <em>Inagi</em>.</p>
<p>This <em>mokkan </em>is believed to be an <em>ishogaki </em>(位署書), which was an official document used by administrative officials to reference the positions and titles of aristocrats &#8212; an established listing order was strictly observed and forgetting any of them was a serious offense.</p>
<p><a href="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/48cee6a1.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-799" title="48cee6a1" src="http://nagaeyari.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/48cee6a1.jpg?w=200&#038;h=200" alt="" width="200" height="200" /></a>(Picture <a href="http://livedoor.2.blogimg.jp/puku2009/imgs/4/8/48cee6a1.jpg">source</a>)</p>
<p>An ishogaki such as this would have a full listing of a person&#8217;s ranks and positions, but would not be complete until the person in question signed the remainder of his name at the bottom, and the document received a stamp from the imperial seal (<em>gyoji </em>御璽). In Isonokami Yakatsugu&#8217;s case, the administrative official would write the foregoing list on the <em>mokkan </em>and Isonokami would have signed &#8220;Yakatsugu&#8221; after the final notation, Isonokami Asomi (石上朝臣).</p>
<p>Many more administrative-use <em>mokkan </em>turned up in the Saidaiji ditch. One says &#8220;太政官謹奏,&#8221; which means &#8220;[I], the <em>Daijōkan </em>(太政官), reverently (謹んで) report to the Emperor (奏する) . . . . &#8221; The emperor in question here is none other than Empress Shōtoku (称徳天皇), who had a hand in establishing Saidaiji. To complement this find, the Shoku Nihongi (続日本紀) records that during this time (spanning the construction of Saidaiji), Empress Shōtoku made many visits to the temple. This is not the first time a <em>mokkan </em>has been found referencing Empress Shōtoku: A recently uncovered <em>mokkan </em>is believed to even <a href="http://japanesearchaeology.com/2011/01/16/heijo-palace-mokkan-announcing-empress-shotokus-death-uncovered/">announce her passing</a>.</p>
<p>Saidaiji was very Chinese in flavor, which reflected Empress Shōtoku&#8217;s own predilections. A plate bearing the name of a Chinese  bureaucrat has even turned up from a Saidaiji site.</p>
<p>For more information and pictures, see the following links:</p>
<p>http://blog.livedoor.jp/puku2009/archives/2009-12.html</p>
<p>http://mononobe.nobody.jp/tabi/yakatug/yakat.htm</p>
<p>http://naranews.seesaa.net/article/134665931.html</p>
<blockquote><p><strong>木簡に「石上宅嗣」の名　西大寺旧境内で出土</strong><br />
奈良市の西大寺旧境内から出土した奈良時代の高官、石上宅嗣の名前が記された木簡＝３日午後、奈良市の同市埋蔵文化財調査センター<br />
日本最古の公開図書館を設立したことで知られる奈良時代の高官で文人、石上宅嗣の名前や肩書が書かれた木簡が西大寺旧境内（奈良市）で見つかり、市教育委員会と奈良県立橿原考古学研究所が３日、発表した。<br />
木簡の記述から、内裏に準じる宮殿があった平城宮東院の造営責任者だったことも判明。肩書付きの高官名が書かれた奈良時代の木簡の出土は極めて珍しい。<br />
西大寺の造営や運営にかかわる記述もあり、孝謙上皇（のちに称徳天皇）が建立した同寺の実態を研究する上で、貴重な史料といえそうだ。<br />
宅嗣の名前が書かれた木簡は縦２９・７センチ、横２・７５センチ、厚さ０・４６センチ。縦書きで「参議従三位式部卿常陸守中衛中将造東内長官石上朝臣」と墨書されていた。「造東内長官」は東院造営の責任者、「石上朝臣」は宅嗣を指す。<br />
平安時代に編さんされた漢詩集「経国集」や、続日本紀によると、宅嗣は西大寺で詩をつくったり、称徳天皇主催の宴に列席したりしたとされる。市教委は「寺で開く宴の出席者名簿を書く際に、手控えとして使用したのでは」と話している。<br />
2009/12/03 20:00   【共同通信】</p>
<p>http://www.47news.jp/CN/200912/CN2009120301000554.html</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong>大和発掘物語：西大寺旧境内／中　溝に大量の公文書木簡　／奈良</strong><br />
「発掘で確認された遺構は、ほとんど溝１本だけなんですよ。でも、それは西大寺の歴史を物語る溝でした」。昨年、実施した西大寺旧境内（奈良市）の調査について、市埋蔵文化財調査センター所長の森下恵介さんはこう話す。<br />
石上宅嗣（いそのかみやかつぐ）（７２９～７８１）。役人としてナンバー３の大納言になり、日本で最初の公立図書館とされる「芸亭（うんてい）」を開いた文人としても知られる。溝から出土した長さは２９・７センチの木簡には「参議　従三位　式部卿　常陸守　中衛中将　造東内長官　石上朝臣」の文字が並んでいた。<br />
「これは宅嗣の役職を記した『位署書（いしょがき）』で、事務官が公文書を作成する際にお手本にしたものです。役職は書く順番が決まっていて、抜け落ちることは許されない。事務官はこれを基に『参議』から『石上朝臣』まで書いて、本人が『宅嗣』とサインする。最後に天皇の御璽（ぎょじ）があって完成となります」<br />
公文書関係の木簡が、この溝から大量に出土した。西大寺の造営が急ピッチで進んでいた時期。しかも、『続日本紀』にはこの時期、称徳天皇が西大寺に行幸している記事が度々、登場している。「『太政官謹奏』と記した木簡も見つかっていますが、『太政官が謹んで奏する』のは天皇に対してしかありません。この時期、ここに、政治の中枢の一部があったのでしょう」<br />
「西大寺は、称徳天皇が理想を抱いて造営したユートピア。お寺はかなり中国風の趣を持っていたことでも知られていますが、称徳天皇の中国趣味を反映している。中国人官僚の名を記した皿も見つかっていますし」。森下さんはこう分析する。<br />
調査後、現場には建物が建てられたが、溝は埋め戻し、地下水が流れるように保護した。「地下水が流れる下流にも、木簡が埋まっているかもしれませんので。まあ、そう言っているところは、掘ってみたら出ないことも多いんですけどね」【山成孝治】<br />
毎日新聞　2010年11月17日　地方版</p>
<p>http://mainichi.jp/area/nara/news/20101117ddlk29070468000c.html?inb=yt</p>
<p>Article retrieved 2010/11/29</p></blockquote>
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